In the gasoline plug-in hybrid electric vehicle scenario, plug-ins are added to the mix of ICVs and HEVs over the century as shown below.

We assume that up to 75% of all vehicles can be plugged in at night. In other words, 25% of all cars are parked on the street or do not have access to a garage, car port, driveway, or assigned off-street parking where a charging outlet and smart meter could be installed and used only by the rightful owner of the PHEV. This 25% level would also cover those drivers who occasionally forgot to plug-in their PHEVs, which means that they would operate more like HEVs running on gasoline until the next time their batteries were charged from the grid.  Those cars that do not have access to electric outlets are still assumed to be full hybrid electric vehicles to minimize GHG and oil consumption in this PHEV scenario.

A new (2010) survey of potential BEV customers by Deloitte [1] found that only 39% of potential PHEV or BEV drivers have access to home charging outlets or nearly half the number assumed in this model (75%). Therefore the results shown in this simulation for PHEVs and BEVs is optimistic compared to actual conditions in the US.

[HEV Scenario] [Biofuel PHEV Scenario] [FCEV Scenario]

[1] “Gaining traction: A customer view of electric vehicle mass adoption in the US Automotive Market” by Deloitte (2010),