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The computer simulation model estimates the societal costs (the so-called externality costs) due to:
- Greenhouse Gas Pollution
- Oil imports
- Urban air pollution
The total societal costs are enormous... reaching over $300 billion to $500 billion per year as shown in the following graph. Adding hydrogen-powered fuel cell electric vehicles to plug-ins and biofuels saves $340 billion per year compared to the gasoline HEV base case.
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